Trabzon is a lively city in Turkey, celebrated for its rich greenery, busy shipping harbor on the Black Sea, and an international airport. It is well-known for its delicious fish specialties, passionate football club, and the historic Sumela Monastery, attracting many tourists.
In the 4th century, Trabzon was part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire following the division of the Roman Empire. The Byzantines recognized the city's strategic military value and carried out extensive repairs and enhancements on the city walls during the reign of Emperor Justinian in the 6th century. They also promoted Christianity to secure loyalty from local tribes and built the existing aqueducts attributed to Saint Eugenius.
During the 12th century, after the Comnenus dynasty was overthrown in Imperial Byzantium (Istanbul), Alexios Comnenus fled to Georgia. With Georgian support, he established his reign in Trabzon, designating it as the capital of his state.
In the 13th century, a band of Seljuk Turks laid siege to Trabzon and compelled locals to pay taxes. To defend the city, King Alexis Comnenos strengthened the fortress by digging defensive ditches. The surrounding outer areas evolved into bustling commercial districts known as "The pupil of Asia." The royal palace and administrative buildings were located on the elevated inner fortress plains. Coastal fortresses, storage facilities, and trade activities stretching from Batum to Kerempe, including Crimea — controlled by Genoese and Venetian merchants — contributed to the city's thriving commerce. Eventually, Ottoman forces conquered Trabzon.
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